Classical Ályis

From Wordworld

Classical Ályis [ˈaʎis] is the language that originated the Modern Ályis language and somewhat influenced the Thandaran, the former being the language of the Ídharas people, the dwellers of the Island of Ídharos, the northwesternmost of the Great Islands. The word ályis itself means simply “speak” or, when referred to as a proper name, “the speak”.

Classical Ályis is the ídharan ceremonial language, used in formal contexts such as religious celebrations, court trials, royal audiences, school lectures. Although this practice is widespread in the island of Ídharos, not all cities in the imperial island of Thándaræ follow it.

The rules presented here were established by the ídharan Tradition Masters Council in the year 10I (that is, the tenth year of the Kingdom of Ídharos), after a decades work of standardization of the ídharan vernacular language.

Contents 1 Phonology, orthography, and pronunciation 1.1 Phonology 1.2 Orthography 1.3 Pronunciation 1.3.1 Consonants and vowels 1.3.2 Diphthongs 1.3.3 Stress 2 Grammar 2.1 Article 2.2 Pronominals 2.2.1 Personal pronominals (subject) 2.2.2 Personal pronominals (object) 2.2.3 Demonstrative and indefinite pronominals 2.2.4 Interrogative pronominals 2.3 Nouns 2.3.1 Case 2.3.2 Possessive case 2.3.3 Substantivisation 2.4 Adjectives 2.5 Verbs 2.5.1 Tenses and modes 2.5.2 Verbal ellipsis 2.5.3 Passive voice 2.6 Adverbs 2.7 Conjunctions 2.8 Numerals 3 Syntax 3.1 Word order 3.2 Subordinate clauses 3.2.1 Noun clauses 3.2.2 Adjective clauses 3.2.3 Adverbial clauses 4 Samples 4.1 Short examples 4.2 Literal translations 4.3 Sample text 4.4 Interlinear translation 5 Lexicon

Phonology, orthography, and pronunciation

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasals

m

n

ɲ

Plosives

p

b

t

d

k

ɡ

Fricatives

f

v

θ

ð

s

z

ʃ

ʒ

x

ɣ

h¹

ɦ

Flaps & Taps

ɾ

Lateral Approximants

l

ʎ

¹ The sound /h/ is considered a “foreign” sound and usually appears only in loanwords and foreign names, although it can appear as an allophone of /ɦ/.

Vowels	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-open		ɐ
Open	a

Orthography

See also: Ánvalyis (Classical Ályis writing system)

The above phonemes are rendered in writing as follows:

B b /b/	P p /p/	D d /d/	T t /t/	Z z /z/	S s /s/	G g /ɡ/	C c /k/	L l /l/	R r /ɾ/	M m /m/	N n /n/
V v /v/	F f /f/	DH dh Рð /ð/	TH th Þ þ /θ/	ZH zh Ʒ ʒ /ʒ/	SH sh Ʃ ʃ /ʃ/	GH gh Ȝ ȝ /ɣ/	CH ch X x /x/	LY ly Λ λ /ʎ/	H h Ħ ħ ² /ɦ/   /h/		NY ny Ŋ ŋ /ɲ/

The consonant variants in italics are used when one desires to be as faithful as possible to the native orthography when transliterating.

² As /h/ is an allophone of /ɦ/ in Classical Ályis, it was frequently written with the same letter. Ídharan purists, however, tended to use the letter for the lenited M m for /h/ in foreign words and names when it occurred in positions where Ályis could only have /ɦ/. Therefore, if one wants to make such distinction when romanizing, one would use Ħ ħ for /h/ when it appears phonemically.

A a /a/, /ɐ/

Æ æ /e/, /ɐe/

E e /ɛ/, /e/

I i /i/

O o /o/, /ɔ/

U u /u/

Pronunciation

Consonants and vowels

The position in a word doesn't change a consonant sound. The consonant L, however, can become labialized as /lʷ/ before other consonants or in word-final positions, and the consonant H may be realised as /h/ instead of /ɦ/ when it comes before a voiceless consonant.

Vowels, on the other hand, usually don't become nasalized before /m/, /n/, and /ɲ/, but the vowel e is pronounced as /e/ in such positions even when stressed (stress is indicated with a breve sign, as in ă; see below).

Vowel	Pronunciation	Examples
A	/a/ when stressed /ɐ/ otherwise.	nára ['naɾɐ] “they (n) are hated”
Æ	/e/ when stressed /ɐe/ otherwise.	ǽgis ['eɡis] “this” ághæn ['aɣɐen] “frightening”
E	/e/ when followed by /m/, /n/, or /ɲ/ otherwise /ɛ/ when stressed /e/ elsewhere.	déme ['deme] “I am” délne ['dɛlʷne] “I look like”
I	/i/	faín [fa'in] “green”
O	/ɔ/ when stressed and followed by /i/, /l/, or /ʎ/ /o/ elsewehere.	dólmes ['dɔlʷmes] “horse” ádolme ['adolʷme] “to ride [a horse]”
U	/u/	úmar ['umaɾ] “less”

Diphthongs

In the descending diphthongs, if the second letter is stressed, the vowel cluster is a hiatus, not a diphthong:

Diphthong	Pronunciation	Examples
AI	/ai/ /ɐɪ/	áinar ['ainɐɾ] “now” dízais ['dizɐɪs] “brother”
AU	/aʊ/ /ɐʊ/	áubæn ['aʊbɐen] “superfluous” áraus ['aɾɐʊs] “wolf”
EI	/ei/	heis [ɦeis] “foreigner”
EU	/eu/	cámeus ['kameus] “table”
OI	/ɔi/ /oɪ/	sóiles ['sɔiles] “sparrow” dómois ['domoɪs] “crow”

In the ascending diphthongs, if the first letter is stressed, the vowel cluster is a hiatus, not a diphthong:

Diphthong	Pronunciation	Examples
UA	/wa/	tuaís [twa'is] “city”
UE	/we/ /wɛ/	úmues ['umwes] “sheep” guésas ['ɡwɛsɐs] “feather”
UI	/wi/	puis [pwis] “fruit”
UO	/wo/ /wɔ/	áluos ['alwos] “mouse” uólyas ['wɔʎɐs] “vapor”

Stress

Stressed syllables are indicated with an acute accent (ǽ, Ǽ, á, é, í, ó, ú, Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú). Alternatively, to more closely resemble the ályis writing system, ánvalyis, stressed vowels can be indicated with a macron on æ (as in ǣ, Ǣ) and a breve on the other vowels (as in ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, Ă, Ĕ, Ĭ, Ŏ, Ŭ).

Disyllabic words are, in general, paroxitones, and the stressed vowel usually doesn't change with the addition of prefixes and/or suffixes — for example, ánis “life” → shinánis “their (f) life”; ále “to love” → shále “they (f) love” → shálete “they (f) love you (s)” → shiálete “they (f) loved you (s)” → oshiálete (they (f) would love you (s)). Exceptions to this rule are the prepositional prefix + demonstrative pronoun combinations — ǽcis “this” → ídæcis “of this”; words with three or more syllables are, in general, proparoxytones.

When a prefix is linked to an unstressed monosyllable or suffix, the stress falls on the prefix, as, for example, is the case of iv- “with” + -te “you” = ívite “with you”. Stressed monosyllables, on the other hand, usually retain the stress: aus “dog” → dináus “my dog”.

Grammar

Article

The only article is the definite, li, and it is only used when the context alone is not enough to precisely identify the object being referred to. Being relatively rare, it most common use is as a honorific, as in Li Ástanæs Cállæ “The King Cállæ” as opposed to ástanæs Cállæ “Cállæ the king”.

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Pronominals

Masculine and feminine pronominals are only used when applied to humans and the gender is either known or homogeneous within a group — that is, a group of two men and a woman would be referred to with a neutral pronominal.

Personal pronominals (subject)

d-	I	dh-	we
t-	you	th-	you (pl)
st-	you (formal)	sht-	you (pl, formal)
s-	she	sh-	they (f)
z-	he	zh-	they (m)
l-	it	n-	they (n)

Personal pronominals (object)

-de	me	-dhe	us
-te	you (obj)	-the	you (pl, obj)
-ste	you (obj) (formal)	-shte	you (pl, obj) (formal)
-se	her	-she	them (f)
-ze	him	-zhe	them (m)
-le	it (obj)	-ne	them (n)

Demonstrative and indefinite pronominals

The prefixes are linked to consonant-starting words with the vowel -i-, except when its absence would cause a double consonant; in this case, the consonants merge into a single one.

æg-	this noun (close to the speaker)	æc-	this noun (close to the person spoken to)	ærc-	that noun
ǽgis	this (close to the speaker)	ǽcis	this (close to the person spoken to)	ǽrcis	that
æl-	many noun (pl)	æv-	all, every noun	æf-	no noun
ǽlis	multitude	ǽvis	everything	ǽfis	nothing
æn-	some noun	ær-	few noun
ǽnis	a handful	ǽris	a few

Examples:

• gris “sand” → ægrís “this sand”
• ces “rock” → æcém “these rocks”
• aus “dog” → æfáus “no dogs”
• aum “dogs” → æláum “many dogs”, æváum “all [the] dogs”

Interrogative pronominals

díle	why	tíle	for what
vínye	who	víme	where
dínye	whose	díme	whence
sínye	which	tíme	to where
mínye	how much, how many	íhæ	what
víhne	when	díhne	since when
tíhne	for when

It is possible to omit the copula from a sentence and link the interrogative pronoun directly to the personal suffixes and demonstrative pronouns:

• Vínyete? = Vínye téne? = “Who are you?”
• Dínyele? = Dínye léne [ǽgis/ǽcis]? = “Whose is it/this?”
• Íhæle? = Íhæ lĕne [ǽgis/ǽcis]? = “What is it/this?”

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Nouns

All nouns end in -s, and the plural is made by changing -s to -m. Nouns derived from verbs usually end in -is.

• Augmentative: om- + noun
• Diminutive: um- + noun

If the noun starts in a consonant other than m-, p-, or b-, om- and um- change to on- and un-, respectively. Double consonants created this way merge into one.

Examples:

• énis “[a] person” → énim “people”
• oménis “[a] big person” → oménim “big people”
• pas “[a] hand” → pam “hands”
• umpás “[a] small hand” → umpám “small hands”
• fais “[a] leaf” → faim “leaves”
• onfáis “[a] large leaf” → onfáim “large leaves”
• nuis “[a] hole” → nuim “holes”
• unuís “[a] small hole” → unuím “small holes”

Case

Case in Ályis is marked with prepositional prefixes, according to the table below. The quick reference list follows.

Case	Meaning	Prefix	Example
Location
Adessive	in, located at, present at	in-	Diára inævivímim. “I was hated in all places.”
Antessive	before, in front of	ep-	Doácle áglis ididinháus épite. “I will close my house's door before you.”
Inessive	in, between, among, inside of	im-	Dinháus imishím. “My house is between theirs.”
Postessive	behind	ob-	Ziáranfe puim obizinháus. “He hid the fruits behind his house.”
Subessive	under	ib-	Siánvame faim ánsin ibærcém. “She found dead leaves under those rocks.”
Superessive	on, on top of	eb-	Cem nénme ebigís. “Rocks remain on the ground.”
Relation
Abessive	without	av-	Dinízais záuhe dhinháus avicém. “My father built our house without rocks.”
Ablative	by, by action of	el-	Ziárba elærcizáis. “He was bought by that man.”
Benefactive	for, for the benefit of, intended for	il-	Odiánse ílite. “I would die for you.”
Causal	for, because of	od-	Dánvalye odámlis idánvalyis. “I write for the pleasure of writing.”
Comitative	with, along with, in company of	iv-	Sárle dáse ívise. “She wants me to go with her.”
Final	for, for the goal of, intending to	it-	Diáse etíncar itadáigete. “I went there to save you.”
Genitive	of, pertaining to	id-	Diérne álnyalfæs idástanæs. “I became the king's counselor.”
Instrumental	with, using	ev-	Doáuhe dinháus ágar evicém. “I will build my house only with rocks.”
Oppositive	against	al-	Ínar zoéme álite. “He will always be against you.”
Possessive	of (ownership)	din-/dhin- tin-/thin- stin-/shtin- zin-/zhin- sin-/shin- lin-/nin-	Ægáus zindinízais. “This dog is my father's.”
Respective	concerning something, about	ad-	Dámle ærcaílim adilís. “I like those legends about water.”
Motion
Egressive	after, beginning from	ap-	Doáse etidinháus apitináizis. “I will go to my house after your departure.”
Elative	from, out of	ed-	Vadoárse editinánis. “I won't be absent from your life.”
Lative	to, destined to	et-	Ǽrkim noáse etisinháus. “These [things] will go to her house.”
Terminative	until, as far as	ot-	Íngar doénme otisinánsis. “I will stay here until her death.”

For quick reference, the following table lists all prepositional prefixes and their corresponding cases:

in-	adessive	ep-	antessive	im-	inessive
ob-	postessive	ib-	subessive	eb-	superessive
al-	abessive	av-	benefactive	el-	ablative
il-	causal	od-	comitative	iv-	final
it-	genitive	id-	instrumental	ev-	oppositive
din-	possessive	ad-	respective	ap-	egressive
ed-	elative	et-	lative	ot-	terminative

Case markings are linked to a word starting with a consonant with the vowel -a- if the word is a verbal form, and with the vowel -i- otherwise. See below.

Examples:

• Dánve áglis ididinháus. “I see the door of my house.”
• Nílar æcizáis álite, ha áinar ílite. = “Yesterday this man was against you, but now he is for you.”

Possessive case

din-	my	dhin-	our
tin-	your	thin-	your (pl)
stin-	your (formal)	shtin-	your (pl, formal)
sin-	her	shin-	their (f)
zin-	his	zhin-	their (m)
lin-	its	nin-	their (n)

If the word being linked to begins with a bilabial consonant, the -n- changes to -m-. Double consonants formed when linking merge into one.

Examples:

• nízais “father” → dinízais “my father” → zindinízais “my father's”
• pam “hands” → dimpám “my hands”
• Dhámle shtinástanis, Li Dhinástanæs. “We like your reign, our king.”

Substantivisation

Adjectives, adverbs and verbs can be used as nouns, without changing forms in the process; this is called substantivisation. For example, the adverb íngar “here” can be substantivized to mean the same as ægivímis “this place”, and the adjective áthnin “happy” can be used without a noun, meaning “happy one”. Likewise, subordinate clauses can also be substantivized.

Such words/clauses used as nouns can then receive case markings just like ordinary nouns (in the case of subordinate clauses, only their verb takes the case prefix).

Examples:

• Dárle dálve adábacin. “I want to learn what is important.” (lit. “I want that I learn about important.”)
• Hæ tháse etínacar. “Go there.”
• Diáuhe ærciháus itasámnele. “I built that house for her to live in it.” (lit. “I built that house for her to inhabit it.”)

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Adjectives

All adjectives end in -n, and the ones derived from other words usually end in -æn or -in; many adjectives are derived from verbs.

• Comparative of superiority: om- + adjective
• Comparative of inferiority: um- + adjective

Example:

• álnyin “good”, “useful” → omálnyin “better”, “more useful”

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Verbs

Tenses and modes

The general structure of a verbal word is [secondary temporal prefix] + [personal prefix] + [primary temporal prefix] + [verb root] + [mode suffix] + [object suffix]. Not all combinations are possible for all verbs.

The three mode suffixes are -e, -i, and -a, and they are used as follows:

• Infinitive: root + -e
• Participle: root + -a
• Gerund: root + -i

For the following list, the -e ending can be changed to -i to give the idea of progression or continuous action. In some cases, it is possible to use the participle mode suffix to express a past, present or future state without using a copula.

• Indicative:
  • Present tenses
    • Simple Present: person + root + -e (action in course or true at the moment of speaking)
    • Progressive Present: person + root + -i (action in course at the moment of speaking)
  • Past tenses
    • Finished Past: person + -i- + root + -e (action completed in the past)
    • Progressive Past: person + -i- + root + -i (action in progress or true for some period of time in the past)
    • Perfect Past: i- + person + -i- + root + -e (action completed before a past event)
    • Perfect Progressive Past: i- + person + -i- + root + -i (action in progress or true for some period of time before a past event)
  • Future tenses
    • Simple Future: person + -o- + root + -e (action to be executed in the future)
    • Progressive Future: person + -o- + root + -i (action expected to be in progress or true for some period of time in the future)
    • Past Future: o- + person + -i- + root + -e (a future action relating to a past event)
    • Past Progressive Future: o- + person + -i- + root + -i (a future action expected to be in progress or true for some period of time, relating to a past event)
• Subjunctive:
  • Ve + corresponding indicative form
• Imperative:
  • Hæ + Simple Present

Examples:

• ve diéni = “if I were”
• hæ táhe ǽgis = “do this”

Verbal ellipsis

Omitting a verb is quite common in Ályis, although not mandatory ― if its meaning can be inferred from the context, it is very likely to be left out. A special case is the passive voice (see below).

Examples: (the grayed word is the omitted verb)

• Nólar dinísis soáse etitinháus. “Tomorrow, my mother will go to your house tomorrow.”
• Ægáus léne ídide. “This dog is mine.”
• Tindísis séme epærcém. “Your sister is in front of those rocks.”

Passive voice

The simplest form of passive voice is a verbal form with the participle ending -a and without an object suffix. The primary and secondary time prefixes can apply, and adverbs of time can be added to the phrase in order to position the idea more precisely in time, as in the last example below.

Examples:

• Sála. = “She is loved.”
• Liárca. = “It was/has been weakened.”
• Doálca. = “I will be strengthened.”
• Tálnyaza! “[You're] welcome!” (not used as a response to thanks)
• Zhiárba elærcizáis. “They (m) were/have been bought by that man.”
• Inævigáim idhiára. “We had been hated everywhere.”
• Nílar íngar diálnyaza, ha áinar va. “Yesterday I was welcome here, but not today.”
  • Note: the above phrase could also be written Nílar íngar diálnyaza, ha áinar vadálnyaza. See verbal ellipsis above.

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Adverbs

Most adverbs end in -ar and they usually come before the word they modify, especially when it is a verb. In many cases, the -r can be dropped to link the adverb to the verb it modifies, thus creating new verbal forms. If the original verb starts in é-, the starting vowel merges with -a- into -æ-. A very common example is the verb álnyaze “to welcome”, created by linking the adverb álnyar “well” to the verb áze “to come”. This, in turn, leads to a very common salutation among the ídharash: Tálnyaza! “[You're] welcome!” (Note that, unlike English, this is not used as an answer to thanks.)

Some very important and very common exceptions to the above are:

	Linked to an adjective	Linked to a noun
om-	Comparative of superiority	Augmentative
um-	Comparative of inferiority	Diminutive

vi	yes
va	no
va-	not

The (unstressed) adverb prefixes om- and um- can also be linked to other adverbs (with the vowel -a- if they begin with a consonant) to change their meanings. Thus Tomálnyaza! would mean something like “You're very much welcome!”

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Conjunctions

All conjunctions are independent words.

hi	and	ho	so	iláinæ	while, as long as
hæ	that	ha	but	imáinæ	how
ve	if	ílæ	because

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Numerals

• Simple numbers: -l
• Tens: -lal
• Hundreds: -lel
• Thousands: -lyal
• Millions: -lyel

Numbers are writen and read from left to right; round numerals can have two numeral suffixes, shifting the stress:

• 10,001: elályal hi el
• 11,002: álal-élyal hi cal
• 111,222: élel-élal-élyal hi cálel-cálal-cal
• 9,456,123: mólyel hi tólel-rálel-gólyal hi élel-cálal-fol
• 9,000,000: mólyel hi úlel hi ul, to emphasize the number's “roundness”, or simply mólyel

The numerals ul, úlal, úlel, úlyal, and úlyel can also indicate the idea of emptiness at different degrees.

Trivia: the expression hi úlel hi ul' is a common expression among the ĭdharash and means “absolutely nothing”.

Number	Numeral	×10	×100	×1,000	×1,000,000
0	ul	úlal	úlel	úlyal	úlyel
1	el	élal	élel	élyal	élyel
2	cal	cálal	cálel	cályal	cályel
3	fol	fólal	fólel	fólyal	fólyel
4	tol	tólal	tólel	tólyal	tólyel
5	ral	rálal	rálel	rályal	rályel
6	gol	gólal	gólel	gólyal	gólyel
7	zhol	zhólal	zhólel	zhólyal	zhólyel
8	val	válal	válel	vályal	vályel
9	mol	mólal	mólel	mólyal	mólyel

Syntax

Word order

Since the subject is always tied to the verb, the sentence structure can be either SVO (subject-verb-object) or OSV (object-subject-verb), and both can be used interchangeably as long as there is no impact on clearness. Word order is normally used for emphasis.

Examples:

• Sánve aus. “She sees [the] dog.” — emphasis on the subject (she)
• Aus sánve. “She sees [the] dog.” — emphasis on the object (dog)
• Fámnas ziáse etamizinháus. “King Cállæ went outside his house.”

Adverbs most often precede the words they modify, but it is possible to place it after their verb in subordinate clauses. Adjectives almost always follow their corresponding words.

Examples:

• Nílar diánve cem faín. “Yesterday I saw green rocks.”
• Ces faín nílar diánve. “It was a green rock that I saw yesterday.”
• Etíncar doáse. “I will go there.”
• Hæ etíngar táze! “Come here!”

Subordinate clauses

The most common types of subordinate clauses are three: Noun clauses, Adjective clauses, and Adverbial clauses.

Noun clauses

There are two main types of noun clauses: subject noun clauses and object noun clauses. No special word connects a noun clause to the main clause. In such constructions, the adverbial clause is allowed to follow its verb rather than precede it. Neither construction is considered wrong.

• Subject noun clauses most often appear as the predicate of another clause:

Vénar	lálnye	dháhe	ǽvis	dhárle.
Not always	it is good	we do	everything	we want.
“It is not always good for us to do everything we want.”

• Object noun clauses appear as the object of another clause:

Ágar	dárle	íngar	táze.
Only	I want	here	you come.
“I only want you to come here.”

Vadárle	táze	ívide.
I don't want	you come	with me.
“I don't want you to come with me.”

Adjective clauses

There are two types of adjective clauses:

• Descriptive: these describe (hence the name) the term they refer to. They come between commas.

Dindízais,	omálnyin	inægituaís,	nólar	zoálze.
My brother,	much known	in this city,	tomorrow	he will arrive.
“My brother, who is well known in this city, will arrive tomorrow.”

• Restrictive: these narrow down the meaning of the word referred to. They do not come between commas.

Záis	ainílar	diánve	zanhíne.
[The] man	the day before yesterday	i saw	is young.
“The man i saw on the day before yesterday is young.”

Faim	nafaíne	ómar	nanevíne.
Leaves	they are green	more	they are common.
“The leaves that are green are more common.”

Adverbial clauses

Samples

Short examples

Dáne.	“I live.”
Déme ánin.	“I am alive.”
Tálede?	“Do you love me?”
Vi, táve dálete.	“Yes, you know I love you.”
Va, vadárete, hi távele.	“No, I don't hate you, and you know that.”
Vasáve vazárete.	“She doesn't know he doesn't hate you.”
Dárle táze ívide.	“I want you to come with me.” (lit. “I want that you come with me.”)
Dílæ tárle táse ávide?	“Why do you want to go without me?” (lit. “Why do you want that you go without me?”)
Vasárle sáse ívite.	“She doesn't want to go with you.” (lit. “She doesn't want that she goes with you.”)
Vadiávi ziémi álide.	“I didn't know [that] he was against me.”
Shoánse!	“They (f) will die!”
Odiánse ílite…	“I would die for you…”
Dinárfis ádæcis valoérne!	“My thoughts on this won't change!” (lit. “My thought of this won't change!”)
Ínar doénme íngar.	“I will always stay here.”
Vi, dáve ómomar dálye.	“Yes, I know [that] I speak too much.”
Aínar ǽrkilas siárnyælni.	“She looked bad before that day.” (lit. “Before that day she was looking bad.”)
Hæ ástis lástethe!	“May the light shine upon you!”

Literal translations

Ínar diáve ómar tiánlize úmar tiánlise, ha ánar diárfe thinánlis liéni ho álcin.
Always I-PAST-know more you-PAST-be-friend-of-PROG-him less you-PAST-be-friend-of-PROG-her, but never I-PAST-think your(pl)-friendship it-PAST-be-PROG so strong.
“I always knew you were more friends with him than with her, but I never thought your friendship was so strong.”

Vénar lálnye dháhe ǽvis dhárle, ve dhoárle dhánle ævénim.
Not-always it-be-good we-do all/everything we-want, if we-want we-be-friend-of all-people.
“It is not always good for us to do everything we want if we want to be friends with everybody.”

Ínar doárle omálnyin ítite, ínmar vatáflede.
Always I-FUT-want more-good to-you(obj), even not-you-believe-me.
“I will always want the best to you, even if you don't believe me.”

Ánar osiáreze, ínmar ve otiáilese 'hæ sáreze'.
Never FUT-she-PAST-hate-him, even if FUT-you-PAST-tell-her that she-hate-him.
“She would never hate him, even if you told her 'hate him'.”

Vínye shéne, díme sháze, hi díle íngar shéme?
Who they(f)-be, whence they(f)-come, and why here they(f)-be?
“Who are they (f), where do they (f) come from, and why are they (f) here?”

Vínyete, dímete, tílete?
Who-you(obj), whence-you(obj), for-what-you(obj)?
“Who are you, where do you come from, what are you here for?”

Ægitidináus ómar lálnye.
This-to-dog much it-be-good.
“This, which is for my dog, is very good.”

Ærgis liéni ítide.
That it-PAST-be-PROG to-me.
“That was for me.”

Va, vadáfe tindízais.
No, not-I-know your-brother.
“No, I don't know your brother.”

Ærkáus sindindísis.
That-dog her-my-sister.
“That dog is my sister's.”

Sample text

Interlinear translation

Æl-énim	n-aíle,	hi	æl-áilim	n-ánya;
Many-people	they(n)-tell.stories,	and	many-stories	they(n)-hear-PART;

aílim	adi-záim	hi	sim	ácin,	áigim	áihæn	hi	áinim	van-áivæn,
legends	RESP-men	and	women	powerful,	rescues	miraculous	and	prodigies	not-countable,

énim	áicin	n-i-álga	hi	áufarim	od-áhlis	id-álnyafis.
people	opressed	they(n)-PAST-free-PART	and	insurrections	CAU-hope	GEN-justice.

Æn-æc-áilim	n-álye	ad-íhim	ánvenar	n-i-áneme,	hi	vǽgim	vémar;
Some-these-stories	they(n)-speak	RESP-things	certainly	they(n)-PAST-happen,	and	others	not.so.much;

n-áme	ǽrcim	ínmar	va-n-i-áneme,
they(n)-exist	those	even	not-they(n)-PAST-happen,

ha	nin-énim	hi	nin-ánemim	n-o-áme	iláinæ	ǽrcim	n-aíla.
but	their(n)-people	and	their(n)-events	they(n)-FUT-exist	while	those	they(n)-told.

Hónæ	n-áme	ærc-énim	n-aíle	ærc-áilim	áiar	áimiar	od-ámlis	eda-n-aíle-ne,
Also	they(n)-exist	those-people	they(n)-tell.stories	those-stories	purely	simply	CAU-delight	EGR-they(n)-tell.stories-them(n),

hi	n-áme	ærc-énim	n-aíle-ne	ita-n-áule	áulim;
and	they(n)-exist	those-people	they(n)-tell_stories-them(n)	FIN-they(n)-communicate	messages;

z-áme	ánvalyæs	om-áfin,	z-áile	va-z-árle	z-áule	æf-áulim,
he-exist	writer	much-known,	he-say	not-he-want	he-communicate	none-messages,

ha	z-ánvalye	od-ámlis	eda-z-éne	aílæs.
but	he-write	CAU-delight	EGR-he-be	storyteller.

Ǽrcis	va-d-éne.	D-áhe	æg-áilis	ita-d-áule	áulis	iti-vínyæm	n-ánvanye-le —
That	not-I-be.	I-make	this-account	FIN-I-communicate	message	FIN-people	they(n)-read-it(obj) —

na	æl-áulim,	áblar	vínyæm	n-ánvanye-le.
or	many-messages,	depending.on	people	they(n)-read-it(obj).

Æc-áulim	álsæm	n-áhle	n-ánvame	haum	n-áce	n-ágle	nin-áglim	épi-ne
These-messages	travellers	they(n)-hope	they(n)-find	houses	they(n)-can	they(n)-open	their(n)-doors	ANT-them(n)

hi	n-ápe	n-áise-ne —	hæ	n-áme	æli-háum	ácin	n-áhe-le.
and	they(n)-allow	they(n)-enter-them(n) —	that	they(n)	exist	many-houses	capable	they(n)-do-it(obj).

áulis	it-áulyis	id-ærci-vínye	n-ánvanye-le;	d-árle	l-álmane-ne	hi	l-álnye-ne.
Message	FIN-benefit	GEN-those-people	they(n)-read-it(obj);	I-want	it-please-them(n)	and	it-be_useful-them(n).

Ha	ámlis	ed-aíle	va-l-árse	ed-æci-din-áulis:
but	delight	EGR-tell_stories	not-it-be_absent	EGR-this-my-message:

ánvalyæs	d-áuhe	ita-d-áule	din-áulis	l-éln-i	áilis	z-ánvalye	od-ámlis,
scribe	I-use	FIN-I-communicate	my-message	it-look.like-PROG-	story	he-write	CAU-delight,

álnyar	d-áve-le,	hi	od-æc-ílis	d-i-ánage-ze:
well	I-know-it(obj),	and	CAU-this-reason	I-PAST-choose-him:

l-om-álnye-ze,	hónæ	d-áve-le,	z-áule	din-áilis.
it-much-be_useful-him,	also	I-know-it(obj),	he-communicate	my-account.

Ǽcar	hónæ	d-álmane-ze	hi	d-áheve	din-tílis.
This.way	also	I-please-him	and	I-fulfill	my-objective.

D-ánfe-de:	d-i-ánma	iv-æl-ánmim	in-æli-vímim,
I-present-me:	I-PAST-called	INST-many-names	INESS-many-places,

ha	in-áilis	d-ánfe	épi-the	d-áfa	Li	ávæs	ádæn,	álnyalfæs	id-ástanæs	ánhin	Cállæ.
but	in-story	I-present	ANT-you	I-known	The	Wise	ádæn,	counselor	GEN-king	young	Cállæ.

D-o-áile	l-áiba	hi	ágar	d-o-ánfe	l-éne	ábacin	il-áhevis	idi-din-tílis.
I-FUT-tell	it-need-PART	and	only	I-FUT-present	it-be	important	CAU-fulfillment	GEN-my-objective.

D-o-áce	d-áire	imáinim	th-o-áce	th-ánvelne	álmanvæn,
I-FUT-can	I-omit	details	you(pl)-FUT-can	you(pl)-consider	interesting,

na	d-o-áce	d-ánfe	élnam	th-o-áce	th-ánvelne	áubæn —
or	I-FUT-can	I-present	aspects	you(pl)-FUT-can	you(pl)-consider	superfluous —

ídi-de,	ha,	ágar	d-o-ánfe,	imáinæ	d-ánve-le,	l-ábe	(na	l-áce	l-ábe)
GEN-me,	but,	only	I-FUT-present,	how	I-see-it,	it-have	(or	it-can	it-have)

ávanis	epi-vínyæm	n-o-ánvane	ed-æci-válum	áginin.
meaning	ANT-people	they(n)-FUT-experience	EGR-these-parchments	brief.

Lexicon

The words shown here are only a few of those that appear in this article; for a more comprehensive list, please see the main article: Classical Ályis lexicon.

ácle	['akle]	v.	to close
ádolme	['adolʷme]	v.	to ride [a horse]
ǽgis	['eɡis]	pron.	this
ághæn	['aɣɐen]	adj.	frightening
áglis	['aɡlis]	n.	door
áinar	['ainɐɾ]	adv.	now
áluos	['alwos]	n.	mouse
ályis	['aʎis]	n.	speak
ánis	['anis]	n.	life
ánse	['anse]	v.	to die
ánsin	['ansin]	adj.	dead
ánvame	['anvame]	v.	to find
áranfe	['aɾanfe]	v.	to hide
áraus	['aɾɐʊs]	n.	wolf
árbe	['aɾbe]	v.	to buy
áre	['aɾe]	v.	to hate
áubæn	['aʊbɐen]	adj.	superfluous
áuhe	['auɦe]	v.	to build
díhne	['diɦne]	pron.	since when
díle	['dile]	pron.	why
díme	['dime]	pron.	whence
dínye	['diɲe]	pron.	whose
dízais	['dizɐɪs]	n.	brother
dólmes	['dɔlʷmes]	n.	horse
dómois	['domoɪs]	n.	crow
élne	['ɛlʷne]	v.	to look like
éme	['eme]	v.	to be (temporary)
énis	['enis]	n.	living being; person
énme	['enme]	v.	to remain
faín	[fa'in]	adj.	green
gis	[ɡis]	n.	ground
guésas	['ɡwɛsɐs]	n.	feather
haus	[ɦaʊs]	n.	house
heis	[ɦeis]	n.	foreigner
íhæ	['iɦɐe]	pron.	what
kámeus	['kameʊs]	n.	table
mínye	['miɲe]	pron.	how much, how many
nízais	['nizɐis]	n.	father
nuis	[nwis]	n.	hole
pas	[pas]	n.	hand
puis	[pwis]	n.	fruit
sínye	['siɲe]	pron.	which
sóiles	['sɔiles]	n.	sparrow
tíhne	['tiɦne]	pron.	for when
tíle	['tile]	pron.	for what
tíme	['time]	pron.	to where
tuaís	[twa'is]	n.	city
úmar	['umaɾ]	adv.	less
úmues	['umwes]	n.	sheep
uólyas	['wɔʎɐs]	n.	vapor
víhne	['viɦne]	pron.	when
víme	['vime]	pron.	where
vímis	['vimis]	n.	place
vínye	['viɲe]	n.	who
zais	[zais]	n.	man